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References · Evidence · Regulators · Singapore

References: The Studies and Sources We Cite

526 sources, in one place.

The peer-reviewed studies and Singapore regulator documents cited across our treatment pages and guides, grouped by topic, each with its DOI or source link and the pages that cite it.

WhatsApp to Enquire →Key facts ↓
526
Sources
452
With a DOI
12
Topics
340
Pages citing
Assessed and planned by Dr Sin Yong, Medical Director · MBBS (NUS) · MRCS (Edinburgh) · MSc Aesthetic Medicine (London) · MSc Practical Dermatology (Cardiff) · Designated DEKA Centre of Excellence
In short

This page lists every study and regulator source cited on the IN Eternity Clinic website: 526 distinct references, 452 with a DOI, drawn from 340 pages and grouped into 12 topics. Each links to the original and to the pages that cite it, so readers, students and writers can check what we say against the evidence.

Reviewed by Dr Sin Yong, Medical Director, IN Eternity Clinic · Updated
Key facts
  • What: 526 distinct sources cited across the site, 452 with a DOI.
  • Topics: 12, from regulators and complications to hair and body contouring.
  • Regulators cited: Singapore Medical Council, Health Sciences Authority, Ministry of Health (HealthHub).
  • Each entry: links to its DOI or source and to the pages of this site that cite it.
  • Generated: 21 October 2026, from the pages themselves.
  • Corrections: hello@ineternityclinic.com.
Contents

References by topic

526 sources in 12 topics, listed alphabetically within each topic by first author or issuing body. Each entry links to its DOI or to the source itself, and lists the pages of this site that cite it.

References

Regulators, guidelines and complications

  1. Aesthetic techniques for melanocytic nevus management: clinical outcomes, cosmetic satisfaction, and safety — a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. 2026. doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1761270/fullCited on: Mole Removal Singapore — Laser, Shave or Excision.
  2. Ahmadraji F, Shatalebi MA. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of an eye counter pad containing caffeine and vitamin K in emulsified Emu oil base. Adv Biomed Res 2015;4:10. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.148292Cited on: Eye Bag Cream vs In-Clinic Treatment.
  3. Alikhan A, Sayed C, Alavi A, Alhusayen R, et al. North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: A publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations: Part I: Diagnosis, evaluation, and the use of complementary and procedural management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019;81(1):76-90. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.067Cited on: Back Acne (Bacne) Treatment Singapore.
  4. AlJabr A, AlAnazi AMI, AlEtebi RAA, et al. Tranexamic Acid for Hyperpigmentation Disorders: A Literature Review on Efficacy and Safety in Melasma and PIH. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2026;25:e70692. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Melasma Treatment Singapore — Combined Plan.
  5. Altalhab S, Aljamal M, Mubki T, et al. Q-switched 532 nm Nd:YAG laser therapy for physiological lip hyperpigmentation: novel classification, efficacy, and safety. J Dermatolog Treat 2022;33(3):1324-1328. doi:10.1080/09546634.2020.1805400Cited on: Lip Pigmentation Treatment Singapore — Dark Lips.
  6. Anderson RR, Geronemus R, Kilmer SL, Farinelli W, Fitzpatrick RE. Cosmetic tattoo ink darkening: a complication of Q-switched and other short-pulse laser treatment. Arch Dermatol 1993;129(8):1010-1014. doi:10.1001/archderm.1993.01680290082012Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery Singapore — Microblading & Ombre, Lip Blush Singapore — Lip Blushing & Lip Tattoo, Semi-Permanent Makeup Singapore: Brows, Lips, Scalp.
  7. Araco A, Araco F, Raichi M. Clinical efficacy and safety of polynucleotides highly purified technology (PN-HPT®) and cross-linked hyaluronic acid for moderate to severe nasolabial folds: a prospective, randomized, exploratory study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023;22(1):146-155 (online 2022). doi:10.1111/jocd.15064Cited on: Polynucleotide Skin Booster: PN vs PDRN, Is Rejuran Worth It? Singapore Guide 2026.
  8. Argenziano G, Soyer HP, Chimenti S, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented skin lesions: results of a consensus meeting via the Internet. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(5):679-693. doi:10.1067/mjd.2003.281Cited on: Mole Removal Singapore — Laser, Shave or Excision.
  9. Ayatollahi A, Gholami J, Saberi M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for face and neck rejuvenation. Lasers Med Sci 2020;35(5):1007-1024. doi:10.1007/s10103-020-02957-9Cited on: HIFU Results Timeline: When Lifting Shows, HIFU Price Singapore — What Sets the Cost, Is HIFU Painful? HIFU Facial Comfort and FAQ, Sofwave Explained: vs Thermage, Ultherapy, HIFU, Titanium Lifting vs HIFU vs RF Lifting, Thermage vs HIFU vs Ultherapy: How They Differ, Ultherapy vs Ultherapy Prime: What Changed, Double Chin Removal Singapore and 7 more pages.
  10. Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell's palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149(3 Suppl):S1-S27. doi:10.1177/0194599813505967Cited on: Asymmetrical Face: Causes and How to Fix It.
  11. Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, Carruthers A, Jones D. Update on avoiding and treating blindness from fillers: a recent review of the world literature. Aesthet Surg J 2019;39(6):662-674. doi:10.1093/asj/sjz053Cited on: Hiko Nose Lift: Results, Downtime and How Long It Lasts, Tear Trough Filler Healing Time: Day-by-Day Recovery, Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Eye Bag Removal Singapore — Non-Surgical Options, Forehead Fillers Singapore — Contour and Safety, Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price, Nose Filler Singapore — Bridge and Tip, Temple Filler Singapore — Hollow Temples and 1 more pages.
  12. Beleznay K, Carruthers JDA, Humphrey S, Jones D. Avoiding and treating blindness from fillers: a review of the world literature. Dermatol Surg 2015;41(10):1097-1117. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000486Cited on: Aesthetic Doctor Singapore — Dr Sin Yong, Orchard, Aesthetic Clinic Red Flags in Singapore, JB Aesthetic Clinic vs Singapore: What to Check, Singapore vs Bangkok or KL for Aesthetics, Filler vs Biostimulator vs Skin Booster, Forehead Filler Guide: Shape, Safety and Recovery, Check a Clinic Licence & SMC Register, Korea vs Singapore Aesthetic Treatments and 8 more pages.
  13. Bertossi D, Botti G, Gualdi A, Fundarò P, Nocini R, Pirayesh A, et al. Effectiveness, longevity, and complications of facelift by barbed suture insertion. Aesthet Surg J 2019;39(3):241-247. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy042Cited on: Thread Lift Complications: What Is Normal and Red Flags, Thread Lift Cost Singapore: Published Prices, 6 Factors, Thread Lift Singapore — PDO & PCL Face Threads.
  14. Brennan M, Young G, Devane D. Topical preparations for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(11):CD000066. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000066.pub2Cited on: Pregnancy Stretch Marks: Prevent and Treat.
  15. Brody HJ, Geronemus RG, Farris PK. Beauty versus medicine: the nonphysician practice of dermatologic surgery. Dermatol Surg 2003;29(4):319-324. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29088.xCited on: Aesthetic Clinic vs Beauty Salon Singapore.
  16. Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SL. Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aesthetics. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;114(6 Suppl):1S-22S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000144795.76040.d3Cited on: Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Anti-Wrinkle Injection Price Singapore.
  17. Carruthers JD, Glogau RG, Blitzer A. Advances in facial rejuvenation: botulinum toxin type A, hyaluronic acid dermal fillers, and combination therapies - consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121(5 Suppl):5S-30S. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31816de8d0Cited on: Anti-Wrinkle Injections Singapore — Areas & Cost.
  18. Cavallini M, Bartoletti E, Maioli L, et al. Consensus report on the use of PN-HPT (polynucleotides highly purified technology) in aesthetic medicine. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021;20(3):922-928. doi:10.1111/jocd.13679Cited on: Hydrafacial vs Medical Facial vs Skin Booster, Linerase Explained: vs Skin Boosters, Plinest vs Rejuran: Polynucleotide Boosters, Polynucleotide Skin Booster: PN vs PDRN, Rejuran Downtime: Bumps, Redness and Day-by-Day Recovery, Rejuran Eye (Rejuran i) for Under-Eye Skin, Rejuran Healer vs HB vs S vs Eye: Differences and Uses, Juvelook vs Rejuran (and Profhilo) Compared and 10 more pages.
  19. Cavallini M, Gazzola R, Metalla M, Vaienti L. The role of hyaluronidase in the treatment of complications from hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Aesthet Surg J 2013;33(8):1167-1174. doi:10.1177/1090820x13511970Cited on: Filler Correction Singapore — Overfilled Filler.
  20. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, et al. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er:Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device for facial atrophic acne scar. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015;14(2):100-106. doi:10.1111/jocd.12139Cited on: CO2 vs RF Microneedling vs Pico: Acne Scars.
  21. Chan NP, Shek SY, Yu CS, Ho SG, Yeung CK, Chan HH. Safety study of transcutaneous focused ultrasound for non-invasive skin tightening in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 2011;43(5):366-375. doi:10.1002/lsm.21070Cited on: HIFU Results Timeline: When Lifting Shows, Is HIFU Painful? HIFU Facial Comfort and FAQ, Facelift Singapore (Non-Surgical Options), HIFU Singapore — HIFU Treatment & Face Lift, Ultherapy Singapore — Lift, Downtime & Cost, 新加坡超声刀:Ultherapy 与 HIFU 有什么分别.
  22. Choi YJ, Nam JH, Kim JY, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel picosecond laser using combination of 1064 and 595 nm on patients with melasma: a prospective, randomized, multicenter, split-face, 2% hydroquinone cream-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Surg Med 2017;49(10):899-907. doi:10.1002/lsm.22735Cited on: Age Spots vs Freckles vs Melasma: How to Tell, Pico Toning vs Laser Toning: How They Differ, Pico Laser Results Timeline: What Changes and When.
  23. Christoffersen M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Schnohr P, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d5497. doi:10.1136/bmj.d5497Cited on: Xanthelasma: Causes, Cholesterol and Removal, Xanthelasma Removal Singapore — Eyelids.
  24. De Cuyper C. Permanent makeup: indications and complications. Clin Dermatol 2008;26(1):30-34. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.10.009Cited on: Lip Blush Healing Day by Day: Aftercare Guide, Microblading vs Powder Brows vs Ombre Brows, Eyebrow Embroidery Singapore — Microblading & Ombre, Lip Blush Singapore — Lip Blushing & Lip Tattoo, Semi-Permanent Makeup Singapore: Brows, Lips, Scalp.
  25. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part 2: vascular complications. Aesthet Surg J 2014;34(4):584-600. doi:10.1177/1090820x14525035Cited on: Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Nose Filler Singapore — Bridge and Tip.
  26. DeLorenzi C. Complications of injectable fillers, part I. Aesthet Surg J 2013;33(4):561-575. doi:10.1177/1090820x13484492Cited on: Filler Price Singapore (2026 Market Ranges).
  27. DeLorenzi C. New high dose pulsed hyaluronidase protocol for hyaluronic acid filler vascular adverse events. Aesthet Surg J 2017;37(7):814-825. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw251Cited on: Filler Correction Singapore — Overfilled Filler, Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price, Aesthetic Clinic Safety in Singapore, Under Eye Filler Singapore — Who It Suits.
  28. Dover JS, Zelickson B; 14-Physician Multispecialty Consensus Panel. Results of a survey of 5,700 patient monopolar radiofrequency facial skin tightening treatments: assessment of a low-energy multiple-pass technique […] to a clinical end point algorithm. Dermatol Surg 2007;33(8):900-907. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.33191.xCited on: Thermage Cost Singapore: Tips and Pulses, Thermage Eyes Singapore: Hooded Lids, Downtime, vs Ultherapy, Thermage Singapore — Thermage FLX Face & Eyes.
  29. Ferrandiz L, Moreno-Ramirez D, Camacho FM. Shave excision of common acquired melanocytic nevi: cosmetic outcome, recurrences, and complications. Dermatol Surg 2005;31(9):1112-1115. doi:10.1097/00042728-200509000-00005Cited on: Mole Removal Singapore — Laser, Shave or Excision.
  30. Friedmann DP, Bourgeois GP, Chan HHL, Zedlitz AC, Butterwick KJ. Complications from microfocused transcutaneous ultrasound: case series and review of the literature. Lasers Surg Med 2018;50(1):13-19 (online 2017). doi:10.1002/lsm.22768Cited on: HIFU Results Timeline: When Lifting Shows, Is HIFU Painful? HIFU Facial Comfort and FAQ, Ultherapy Results Timeline: Week 1 to Month 6, HIFU Singapore — HIFU Treatment & Face Lift, Ultherapy Singapore — Lift, Downtime & Cost, 新加坡超声刀:Ultherapy 与 HIFU 有什么分别.
  31. Funt D, Pavicic T. Dermal fillers in aesthetics: an overview of adverse events and treatment approaches. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013;6:295-316. doi:10.2147/ccid.s50546Cited on: Tear Trough Filler Healing Time: Day-by-Day Recovery, Tear Trough Refinement — Hollows and Dark Circles.
  32. Gold MH, Biron J. Efficacy and safety of high-intensity, high-frequency, non-focused ultrasound parallel beams for facial skin laxity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024;23(1):117-123. doi:10.1111/jocd.16098Cited on: Sofwave Explained: vs Thermage, Ultherapy, HIFU.
  33. Goldie K, Kerscher M, Fabi SG, et al. Skin Quality - A Holistic 360° View: Consensus Results. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021;14:643-654. doi:10.2147/ccid.s309374Cited on: Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Dull Skin & Uneven Tone Singapore, Korean Glass Skin Treatment Singapore, Hydrafacial Singapore: Steps, Boosters & Timing, Facial Treatment Singapore — Medical Facials, Skin Brightening Treatment Singapore.
  34. Goldie K, Peeters W, Alghoul M, et al. Global Consensus Guidelines for the Injection of Diluted and Hyperdiluted Calcium Hydroxylapatite for Skin Tightening. Dermatol Surg 2018;44 Suppl 1:S32-S41. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001685Cited on: Chin Filler for a V-Shape: Planning Guide, Collagen Skin Boosters Singapore: PDLLA, PLLA, ECM, Forehead Filler Guide: Shape, Safety and Recovery, Sculptra vs Radiesse vs Ellansé, Neck Lines & Hand Rejuvenation Singapore, Ellansé Singapore — PCL Collagen Stimulator, Radiesse Singapore — CaHA for Structure.
  35. Goo B, Kim E, Yoon SE, Wong IKJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) on reduction of unwanted submental fat in Asian patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2025;49(13):3750-3755. doi:10.1007/s00266-025-04890-0Cited on: HIFU for a Double Chin: Who It Suits.
  36. Graber EM, Tanzi EL, Alster TS. Side effects and complications of fractional laser photothermolysis: experience with 961 treatments. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(3):301-307. doi:10.1097/00042728-200803000-00003Cited on: CO2 Laser Singapore — Fractional DEKA Tetra Pro.
  37. Grimes PE. The safety and efficacy of salicylic acid chemical peels in darker racial-ethnic groups. Dermatol Surg 1999;25(1):18-22. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08145.xCited on: Acne Facial vs Medical Acne Treatment, Chemical Peel Price Singapore: What Sets the Cost, Chemical Peel Singapore.
  38. Hald M, Arendrup MC, Svejgaard EL, et al. Evidence-based Danish guidelines for the treatment of Malassezia-related skin diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 2015;95(1):12-19. doi:10.2340/00015555-1825Cited on: Back Acne (Bacne) Treatment Singapore, Fungal Acne Treatment: Fungal vs Bacterial Acne.
  39. Health Sciences Authority, Singapore. Infosearch — registered medical devices and health products. hsa.gov.sgCited on: About IN Eternity Clinic, Orchard Road, CO2 Laser for Acne Scars — DEKA Tetra Pro SCAR3, Aesthetic Clinic Orchard Road — Map, MRT & Hours, Aesthetic Doctor Singapore — Dr Sin Yong, Orchard, Ask the Doctor: Aesthetic Questions Answered, Aesthetic Clinic Red Flags in Singapore, Doctor vs Therapist at an Aesthetic Clinic, JB Aesthetic Clinic vs Singapore: What to Check and 78 more pages.
  40. Health Sciences Authority, Singapore. Infosearch: Singapore Medical Device Register (SMDR) and Register of Therapeutic Products. hsa.gov.sgCited on: Check a Clinic Licence & SMC Register.
  41. Health Sciences Authority. HSA alert: 18 cosmetic products detected to contain potent undeclared ingredients including high levels of mercury (20 April 2018). States that hydroquinone and tretinoin are potent ingredients used in prescription medicines, are prohibited in skincare cosmetic products and should only be used under strict medical supervision. hsa.gov.sgCited on: Pigmentation Treatment Singapore — A Guide by Type.
  42. HealthHub (Ministry of Health, Singapore), contributed by the Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore. Isotretinoin medication information leaflet (last reviewed 22 June 2023). healthhub.sgCited on: Laser After Acne Tablets — Timing Guide.
  43. Hussain M, et al. Laser-assisted hair removal in Asian skin: efficacy, complications, and the effect of single versus multiple treatments. Dermatol Surg. 2003. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Laser Hair Removal Singapore — 755 & 1064 nm.
  44. Ingargiola MJ, Motakef S, Chung MT, Vasconez HC, Sasaki GH. Cryolipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring: safety and efficacy of current treatment paradigms. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;135(6):1581-1590. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001236Cited on: Body Sculpting Singapore: Non-Surgical Options, Fat Freezing Singapore: Does It Work?, Fat Freezing vs Microwave Body Contouring, CoolSculpting vs Onda Pro vs 4K Body Lift.
  45. Islam PS, Chang C, Selmi C, et al. Medical complications of tattoos: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016;50(2):273-286. doi:10.1007/s12016-016-8532-0Cited on: Lip Blush Healing Day by Day: Aftercare Guide, Lip Blush Singapore — Lip Blushing & Lip Tattoo, Scalp Micropigmentation Singapore (SMP), Semi-Permanent Makeup Singapore: Brows, Lips, Scalp.
  46. Jacob CI, Paskova K. Safety and efficacy of a novel high-intensity focused electromagnetic technology device for noninvasive abdominal body shaping. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17(5):783-787. doi:10.1111/jocd.12779Cited on: Emsculpt vs Z Sculpt: Muscle Toning Compared, HIFEM Muscle Toning Devices Explained.
  47. Jalian HR, Jalian CA, Avram MM. Increased risk of litigation associated with laser surgery by nonphysician operators. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150(4):407-411. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.7117Cited on: Aesthetic Doctor Singapore — Dr Sin Yong, Orchard, Aesthetic Clinic Red Flags in Singapore, JB Aesthetic Clinic vs Singapore: What to Check, Aesthetic Clinic vs Beauty Salon Singapore, Check a Clinic Licence & SMC Register, What Makes an Aesthetic Clinic Medical?.
  48. Jimenez JJ, Wikramanayake TC, Bergfeld W, et al. Efficacy and safety of a low-level laser device in the treatment of male and female pattern hair loss: a multicenter, randomized, sham device-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014;15(2):115-127. doi:10.1007/s40257-013-0060-6Cited on: Receding Hairline Treatment Singapore, Hair Growth Laser Singapore (H2LT).
  49. Kanti V, Messenger A, Dobos G, et al. Evidence-based (S3) guideline for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in women and in men - short version. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018;32(1):11-22. doi:10.1111/jdv.14624Cited on: Hair Related Issues Blog | IN Eternity Clinic Singapore, Eyebrow Embroidery for Men in Singapore: A Guide, Hair Loss Treatment Cost Singapore, Microneedling for Hair Loss Singapore, Oily Scalp and Hair Loss: Is Oil the Cause?, Receding Hairline Treatment Singapore, Scalp Micropigmentation for Women and Thinning Hair, Scalp Micropigmentation vs Hair Restoration and 9 more pages.
  50. Kim EH, Kim YC, Lee ES, Kang HY. The vascular characteristics of melasma. J Dermatol Sci 2007;46(2):111-116. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009Cited on: Sylfirm X Singapore: Pulsed RF Explained, Yellow Laser vs Pico vs Laser Toning.
  51. Kinney BM, Lozanova P. High intensity focused electromagnetic therapy evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: safety and efficacy study of a dual tissue effect based non-invasive abdominal body shaping. Lasers Surg Med 2019;51(1):40-46 (online 2018). doi:10.1002/lsm.23024Cited on: Body Contouring Singapore — 4K Body Lift, Body Sculpting Singapore: Non-Surgical Options, Emsculpt vs Z Sculpt: Muscle Toning Compared, HIFEM Muscle Toning Devices Explained, Love Handles & Flank Fat Treatment Singapore.
  52. Koh YP, Tan AWM, Chua SH. Treatment of Laser-Responsive Dermal Pigmentary Conditions in Type III-IV Asian Skin With a 755-nm Picosecond Pulse Duration Laser: A Retrospective Review of Its Efficacy and Safety. Dermatol Surg 2020;46(11):e82-e87. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000002332Cited on: T2 Frax Radiance — DEKA TORO Pico & Thermal Laser.
  53. Krupashankar DS, et al. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Skin Tag, Wart & Milia Removal Singapore.
  54. Kung KY, Shek SYN, Yeung CK, Chan HHL. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the dual wavelength picosecond laser for the treatment of benign pigmented lesions in Asians. Lasers Surg Med 2019;51(1):14-22 (online 2018). doi:10.1002/lsm.23028Cited on: Pico Laser Downtime: Day-by-Day Healing, Toning to Tattoo, Pico Laser Side Effects and Aftercare Checklist.
  55. Lau CK, Schumacher HH, Irwin MS. Patients’ perception of medical photography. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010;63(6):e507-e511. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2009.11.005Cited on: First Aesthetic Consultation: What to Expect, Privacy Notice (PDPA).
  56. Lee JH, Choi YS, Kim SM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Porcine Collagen Filler for Nasolabial Fold Correction in Asians: A Prospective Multicenter, 12 Months Follow-up Study. J Korean Med Sci 2014;29(Suppl 3):S217-S221. doi:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.s3.s217Cited on: Collagen Skin Boosters Singapore: PDLLA, PLLA, ECM.
  57. Levitt J. The safety of hydroquinone: a dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57(5):854-872. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.02.020Cited on: When Pigmentation Creams Stop Working.
  58. Li X, Qin S, Shi S, et al. Prospective study of efficacy and safety of non-ablative 1927 nm fractional thulium fiber laser in Asian skin photoaging. Front Surg 2023;10:1076848. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2023.1076848Cited on: FSX Laser Singapore — Flawless Smooth Skin.
  59. Liew S, Wu WTL, Chan HH, et al. Consensus on changing trends, attitudes, and concepts of Asian beauty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2016;40(2):193-201 (online 2015). doi:10.1007/s00266-015-0562-0Cited on: Filler Price Singapore (2026 Market Ranges), Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price, Nose Filler Singapore — Bridge and Tip, V Shape Face Singapore — Jaw, Chin and Neck.
  60. Lowe NJ, Glaser DA, Eadie N, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a 52-week multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(4):604-611. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.01.009Cited on: Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options in Singapore, Anti-Wrinkle Injections Singapore — Areas & Cost.
  61. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41(1):111-188. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455Cited on: Xanthelasma Removal Singapore — Eyelids.
  62. Martin KA, Anderson RR, Chang RJ, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hirsutism in premenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103(4):1233-1257. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00241Cited on: Does Laser Hair Removal Last? Sessions & Upkeep.
  63. Melendez MM, Alizadeh K. Complications from international surgery tourism. Aesthet Surg J 2011;31(6):694-697. doi:10.1177/1090820x11415977Cited on: JB Aesthetic Clinic vs Singapore: What to Check, Singapore vs Bangkok or KL for Aesthetics, Korea vs Singapore Aesthetic Treatments.
  64. Metelitsa AI, Alster TS. Fractionated laser skin resurfacing treatment complications: a review. Dermatol Surg 2010;36(3):299-306. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01434.xCited on: Aftercare After Laser, Rejuran & Injectables, Singapore Humidity and Post-Laser Care, Fractional Laser Singapore — FSX Non-Ablative.
  65. Ministry of Health, Singapore (Ask Gov). How can patients verify that a provider has been licensed to provide a particular healthcare service? Read 21 October 2026. ask.gov.sgCited on: Check a Clinic Licence & SMC Register.
  66. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Healthcare Services Act — licensing of healthcare services. moh.gov.sgCited on: Aesthetic Doctor Singapore — Dr Sin Yong, Orchard, How to Choose an Aesthetic Clinic in Singapore.
  67. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Phase 2 of Healthcare Services Act to start on 26 June 2023. Press release. moh.gov.sgCited on: Check a Clinic Licence & SMC Register.
  68. Moers-Carpi M, Carruthers J, Fagien S, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for treating crow's feet lines alone or in combination with glabellar lines: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2015;41(1):102-112. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000220Cited on: Crow’s Feet Treatment Singapore — Dynamic vs Static.
  69. Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging 2006;1(4):327-348. doi:10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327Cited on: Anti-Ageing Facial Singapore: What It Can Do.
  70. Murase JE, Heller MM, Butler DC. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(3):401.e1-401.e14. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.010Cited on: Pregnancy-Safe Skincare and Treatments.
  71. Narins RS, Baumann L, Brandt FS, et al. A randomized study of the efficacy and safety of injectable poly-L-lactic acid versus human-based collagen implant in the treatment of nasolabial fold wrinkles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62(3):448-462. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.040Cited on: Sculptra Side Effects: Nodules, Lumps and When to Call.
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  74. Ogawa R, Akita S, Akaishi S, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars — Japan Scar Workshop Consensus Document 2018. Burns Trauma 2019;7:39. doi:10.1186/s41038-019-0175-yCited on: Back Acne Scars: Treatment in Singapore, Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar Treatment Singapore.
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  83. Signorini M, Liew S, Sundaram H, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: avoidance and management of complications from hyaluronic acid fillers — evidence- and opinion-based review and consensus recommendations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137(6):961e-971e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002184Cited on: Aftercare After Laser, Rejuran & Injectables, Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Filler Price Singapore (2026 Market Ranges), What Makes an Aesthetic Clinic Medical?, Skin Booster vs Filler: Which Do You Need?, Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Forehead Fillers Singapore — Contour and Safety, Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price and 5 more pages.
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  89. Sparavigna A, et al. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of Profhilo® and Profhilo® Body. Plast Aesthet Nurs. 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
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  91. Sterling JC, Gibbs S, Haque Hussain SS, Mohd Mustapa MF, Handfield-Jones SE. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(4):696-712. doi:10.1111/bjd.13310Cited on: Plantar Wart Removal in Singapore, Warts Singapore, Wart Removal Singapore — Hands, Feet and Face.
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  93. Sundaram H, Signorini M, Liew S, et al. Global Aesthetics Consensus: Botulinum Toxin Type A - Evidence-Based Review, Emerging Concepts, and Consensus Recommendations for Aesthetic Use, Including Updates on Complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137(3):518e-529e. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000475758.63709.23Cited on: Anti-Wrinkle Injections Singapore — Areas & Cost.
  94. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023;108(10):2447-2469. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad463Cited on: Female Hair Loss Treatment Singapore, Hormonal Acne Singapore — Adult Jawline Acne.
  95. Thielitz A, Gollnick H. Topical retinoids in acne vulgaris: update on efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9(6):369-381. doi:10.2165/0128071-200809060-00003Cited on: Skin Purging vs Breakout: How to Tell.
  96. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7(1):1535750. doi:10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750Cited on: Exosomes Skin Booster: Is It HSA-Registered? How It Is Used.
  97. Tomita S, Mori K, Yamazaki H, et al. Complications of permanent makeup procedures for the eyebrow and eyeline. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021;100(18):e25755. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000025755Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery for Men in Singapore: A Guide, Microblading vs Powder Brows vs Ombre Brows, Eyebrow Embroidery Singapore — Microblading & Ombre.
  98. Tope WD, Shellock FG. Magnetic resonance imaging and permanent cosmetics (tattoos): survey of complications and adverse events. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002;15(2):180-184. doi:10.1002/jmri.10049Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery Singapore — Microblading & Ombre, Lip Blush Singapore — Lip Blushing & Lip Tattoo, Scalp Micropigmentation Singapore (SMP), Semi-Permanent Makeup Singapore: Brows, Lips, Scalp.
  99. Trinh LN, McGuigan KC, Gupta A. Delayed complications following dermal filler for tear trough augmentation: a systematic review. Facial Plast Surg 2022;38(3):250-259. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1736390Cited on: 4D and Scarless Eye Bag Removal Explained, Eye Bag Removal Cost Singapore: Price Factors, Non-Surgical Eye Bag Treatment in Singapore, Tear Trough Filler Healing Time: Day-by-Day Recovery, Tear Trough & Under-Eye Filler Cost Singapore.
  100. Trivedi MK, Kroumpouzos G, Murase JE. A review of the safety of cosmetic procedures during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017;3(1):6-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.01.005Cited on: Postpartum Hair Loss in Singapore, Pregnancy Stretch Marks: Prevent and Treat, Post-Pregnancy Skin & Body Singapore, Pregnancy-Safe Skincare and Treatments.
  101. Waldman A, Bolotin D, Arndt KA, et al. ASDS Guidelines Task Force: Consensus Recommendations Regarding the Safety of Lasers, Dermabrasion, Chemical Peels, Energy Devices, and Skin Surgery During and After Isotretinoin Use. Dermatol Surg 2017;43(10):1249-1262. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001166Cited on: Laser After Acne Tablets — Timing Guide.
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103 sources. Back to topics.

“A reference is there so you can check us. If a source does not say what a page says it does, we want to know.”
— Dr Sin Yong, Medical Director, IN Eternity Clinic
References

Acne and acne scars

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  23. Huang YC, Cheng YC. Isotretinoin treatment for acne and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017;76(6):1068-1076.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.12.028Cited on: Laser After Acne Tablets — Timing Guide.
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  26. Jung JY, Hong JS, Ahn CH, et al. Prospective randomized controlled clinical and histopathological study of acne vulgaris treated with dual mode of quasi-long pulse and Q-switched 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser assisted with a topically applied carbon suspension. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(4):626-633. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08.031Cited on: Laser Acne Treatment Singapore: Acne vs Scars.
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  28. Kontochristopoulos G, Platsidaki E. Chemical peels in active acne and acne scars. Clin Dermatol 2017;35(2):179-182. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.10.011Cited on: Blackhead Removal Singapore — Nose and Pores, Acne Facial vs Medical Acne Treatment, Acne Scar Facials: What a Facial Can Do, Chemical Peel Singapore.
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  30. Kravvas G, Al-Niaimi F. A systematic review of treatments for acne scarring. Part 1: non-energy-based techniques. Scars Burn Heal 2017;3:2059513117695312. doi:10.1177/2059513117695312Cited on: Acne Scar Treatment Singapore — Types and Costs, Acne Scar Facials: What a Facial Can Do, Acne Scar Removal Cost Singapore (2026 Market Prices), Types of Acne Scars: Ice Pick, Boxcar, Rolling, Ice Pick Scar Treatment Singapore — TCA CROSS, Subcision Singapore — Rolling Acne Scar Release.
  31. Kravvas G, Al-Niaimi F. A systematic review of treatments for acne scarring. Part 2: energy-based techniques. Scars Burn Heal 2018;4:2059513118793420. doi:10.1177/2059513118793420Cited on: CO2 Laser for Acne Scars — DEKA Tetra Pro SCAR3, Acne Scar Treatment Singapore — Types and Costs, Back Acne Scars: Treatment in Singapore, Acne Scar Removal Cost Singapore (2026 Market Prices), Boxcar Scars Treatment Singapore — Shallow vs Deep, 新加坡痘印与痘坑:先分类型,再选治疗方法.
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56 sources. Back to topics.

References

Pigmentation and melasma

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56 sources. Back to topics.

References

Injectables: anti-wrinkle injections and fillers

  1. Bae JH, Lee JS, Choi DY, Suhk J, Kim ST. Accessory nerve distribution for aesthetic botulinum toxin injections into the upper trapezius muscle: anatomical study and clinical trial. Surg Radiol Anat 2018;40(11):1253-1259. doi:10.1007/s00276-018-2059-4Cited on: Shoulder Slimming Injections Singapore.
  2. Berlin AL, Hussain M, Goldberg DJ. Calcium hydroxylapatite filler for facial rejuvenation: a histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Dermatol Surg 2008;34 Suppl 1:S64-S67. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34245.xCited on: Sculptra vs Radiesse vs Ellansé.
  3. Cavallini M, Papagni M, Ryder TJ, Patalano M. Skin Quality Improvement With VYC-12, a New Injectable Hyaluronic Acid: Objective Results Using Digital Analysis. Dermatol Surg 2019;45(12):1598-1604. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001932Cited on: Skinvive vs Profhilo vs Other Skin Boosters.
  4. Chen SY, Lin JY, Lin CY. Compositions of injectable poly-D,L-lactic acid and injectable poly-L-lactic acid. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020;45(3):347-348. doi:10.1111/ced.14085Cited on: Collagen Skin Boosters Singapore: PDLLA, PLLA, ECM, Juvelook vs Rejuran (and Profhilo) Compared, Sculptra vs Juvelook: PLLA vs PDLLA Compared.
  5. Chertow DS, Tan ET, Maslanka SE, et al. Botulism in 4 Adults Following Cosmetic Injections With an Unlicensed, Highly Concentrated Botulinum Preparation. JAMA 2006;296(20):2476-2479. doi:10.1001/jama.296.20.2476Cited on: HSA-Registered Fillers and Devices Explained, Genuine Injectables — How We Source Products.
  6. Christen MO, Vercesi F. Polycaprolactone: How a Well-Known and Futuristic Polymer Has Become an Innovative Collagen-Stimulator in Esthetics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020;13:31-48. doi:10.2147/ccid.s229054Cited on: Chin Filler for a V-Shape: Planning Guide, Filler vs Biostimulator vs Skin Booster, Sculptra vs Radiesse vs Ellansé, Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Ellansé Singapore — PCL Collagen Stimulator, Nose Filler Singapore — Bridge and Tip, Nose Thread Lift Singapore.
  7. de Maio M, DeBoulle K, Braz A, Rohrich RJ. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140(4):540e-550e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003716Cited on: Smile Lines Treatment Singapore — Laugh Lines, Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options.
  8. de Maio M, Swift A, Signorini M, Fagien S. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the upper face. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140(2):265e-276e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003544Cited on: Forehead Fillers Singapore — Contour and Safety.
  9. de Maio M, Wu WTL, Goodman GJ, Monheit G. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the lower face. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140(3):393e-404e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000003646Cited on: V Shape Face Singapore — Jaw, Chin and Neck.
  10. Fitzgerald R, Bass LM, Goldberg DJ, Graivier MH, Lorenc ZP. Physiochemical characteristics of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). Aesthet Surg J 2018;38(suppl_1):S13-S17. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy012Cited on: Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety.
  11. Fitzgerald R, Vleggaar D. Facial volume restoration of the aging face with poly-l-lactic acid. Dermatol Ther 2011;24(1):2-27. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01375.xCited on: Collagen Skin Boosters Singapore: PDLLA, PLLA, ECM, Sculptra Price Singapore: Vials and Sessions, Sculptra vs Juvelook: PLLA vs PDLLA Compared, Sculptra Singapore — PLLA Collagen Stimulator.
  12. Fundarò SP, Salti G, Malgapo DMH, Innocenti S. The rheology and physicochemical characteristics of hyaluronic acid fillers: their clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(18):10518. doi:10.3390/ijms231810518Cited on: Filler Price Singapore (2026 Market Ranges).
  13. Ghatge AS, et al. The effectiveness of injectable hyaluronic acid in the improvement of the facial skin quality: a systematic review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  14. Hamilton DG, Gauthier N, Robertson BF. Late-onset, recurrent facial nodules associated with injection of poly-l-lactic acid. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(1):123-126. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34027.xCited on: Sculptra Price Singapore: Vials and Sessions, Sculptra Side Effects: Nodules, Lumps and When to Call.
  15. Harb A, Brewster CT. The nonsurgical rhinoplasty: a retrospective review of 5000 treatments. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020;145(3):661-667. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006554Cited on: Nose Filler Singapore — Bridge and Tip.
  16. Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G. Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med 2001;344(7):488-493. doi:10.1056/nejm200102153440704Cited on: Hyperhidrosis Singapore — Underarm Sweating.
  17. Hirmand H. Anatomy and nonsurgical correction of the tear trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;125(2):699-708. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181c82f90Cited on: 4D and Scarless Eye Bag Removal Explained, Eye Bag Removal Cost Singapore: Price Factors, Non-Surgical Eye Bag Treatment in Singapore, Dark Eye Circle Treatment Singapore — Type First, Eye Bag Removal Singapore — Non-Surgical Options, Eye Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical, Tear Trough Refinement — Hollows and Dark Circles, Under Eye Filler Singapore — Who It Suits.
  18. Hong JY, Lee YH, Kim H, et al. Therapeutic performance of needle injection versus needle-free jet injector system for polynucleotide filler in skin rejuvenation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2025;24(1):e16595 (online 2024). doi:10.1111/jocd.16595Cited on: Rejuran Downtime: Bumps, Redness and Day-by-Day Recovery, Rejuran Price Singapore: Published Prices and Cost Factors, Is Rejuran Worth It? Singapore Guide 2026.
  19. Huilgol SC, Carruthers A, Carruthers JDA. Raising eyebrows with botulinum toxin. Dermatol Surg 1999;25(5):373-376. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08286.xCited on: Droopy Eyelids & Hooded Eyes Singapore.
  20. Jiang et al. Different glabellar contraction patterns in Chinese and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treating glabellar lines: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2017. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000001045Cited on: Anti-Wrinkle Injections Singapore — Areas & Cost.
  21. Jung G. Minimally invasive rhinoplasty technique using a hyaluronic acid filler and polydioxanone threads: an effective combination. Facial Plast Surg 2019;35(1):109-110. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1677719Cited on: Hiko Nose Lift: Results, Downtime and How Long It Lasts, Nose Thread Lift vs Nose Filler.
  22. Kane MAC. Nonsurgical treatment of platysmal bands with injection of botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103(2):656-663. doi:10.1097/00006534-199902000-00045Cited on: Neck Lines Treatment Singapore — Turkey Neck.
  23. Kang SH, Moon SH, Kim HS. Nonsurgical rhinoplasty with polydioxanone threads and fillers. Dermatol Surg 2020;46(5):664-670. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000002146Cited on: Hiko Nose Lift: Results, Downtime and How Long It Lasts, Nose Thread Lift vs Nose Filler.
  24. Kerscher M, Bayrhammer J, Reuther T. Rejuvenating influence of a stabilized hyaluronic acid-based gel of nonanimal origin on facial skin aging. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(5):720-726. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34176.xCited on: Filler vs Biostimulator vs Skin Booster, Hydrafacial vs Medical Facial vs Skin Booster, Skin Booster vs Filler: Which Do You Need?.
  25. Kim JA, Van Abel D. Neocollagenesis in human tissue injected with a polycaprolactone-based dermal filler. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2015;17(2):99-101. doi:10.3109/14764172.2014.968586Cited on: Sculptra vs Radiesse vs Ellansé.
  26. Kim NH, Chung JH, Park RH, Park JB. The use of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic mandibular contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(3):919-930. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000153236.79775.a0Cited on: Face Slimming Singapore, V Shape Face Singapore — Jaw, Chin and Neck.
  27. Lam SM, Azizzadeh B, Graivier M. Injectable poly-L-lactic acid (Sculptra): technical considerations in soft-tissue contouring. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118(3 Suppl):55S-63S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000234612.20611.5aCited on: Sculptra Side Effects: Nodules, Lumps and When to Call.
  28. Lambros VS. Hyaluronic acid injections for correction of the tear trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;120(6 Suppl):74S-80S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000248858.26595.46Cited on: Tear Trough Filler Healing Time: Day-by-Day Recovery.
  29. Lee SH, Gil YC, Choi YJ, Tansatit T, Kim HJ, Hu KS. Topographic anatomy of the superior labial artery for dermal filler injection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;135(2):445-450. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000858Cited on: Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price.
  30. Lin CY, Lin JY. Retrograde Flow Phenomenon of Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid Filler Injection over Lower Eyelids. Skin Health Dis 2024;4(3):e377. doi:10.1002/ski2.377Cited on: Sculptra vs Juvelook: PLLA vs PDLLA Compared, Juvelook Singapore — PDLLA Skin Booster.
  31. Lorenc ZP. Techniques for the optimization of facial and nonfacial volumization with injectable poly-l-lactic acid. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012;36(5):1222-1229. doi:10.1007/s00266-012-9920-3Cited on: Sculptra Price Singapore: Vials and Sessions, Sculptra Side Effects: Nodules, Lumps and When to Call, Sculptra Singapore — PLLA Collagen Stimulator.
  32. Matarasso A, Matarasso SL, Brandt FS, Bellman B. Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103(2):645-652. doi:10.1097/00006534-199902000-00043Cited on: Nefertiti Lift Singapore — Jawline & Neck Bands.
  33. Mazzuco R, Hexsel D. Gummy smile and botulinum toxin: a new approach based on the gingival exposure area. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(6):1042-1051. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.053Cited on: Lip Flip & Gummy Smile Injections Singapore.
  34. Moers-Carpi MM, Tufet JO. Calcium hydroxylapatite versus nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid for the correction of nasolabial folds: a 12-month, multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled, split-face trial. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(2):210-215. doi:10.1097/00042728-200802000-00010Cited on: Smile Lines Treatment Singapore — Laugh Lines, Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options.
  35. Narins RS, Brandt F, Leyden J, Lorenc ZP, Rubin M, Smith S. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol Surg 2003;29(6):588-595. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2003.29150.xCited on: Smile Lines Treatment Singapore — Laugh Lines, Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options.
  36. Naumann M, Lowe NJ. Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2001;323(7313):596. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7313.596Cited on: Hyperhidrosis Singapore — Underarm Sweating.
  37. Pitchford CA, Desrosiers AS, Tolkachjov SN. The lip flip: a systematic review of botulinum toxin lip augmentation. Arch Dermatol Res 2025;317(1). doi:10.1007/s00403-025-04265-0Cited on: Lip Flip & Gummy Smile Injections Singapore.
  38. Popenko NA, Tripathi PB, Devcic Z, Karimi K, Osann K, Wong BJF. A quantitative approach to determining the ideal female lip aesthetic and its effect on facial attractiveness. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2017;19(4):261-267. doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2016.2049Cited on: Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price.
  39. Rokhsar C, Ciocon DH. Nonsurgical rhinoplasty: an evaluation of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite filler for nasal contouring. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(7):944-946. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34182.xCited on: Nose Thread Lift vs Nose Filler.
  40. Sadick NS, Bosniak SL, Cantisano-Zilkha M, Glavas IP, Roy D. Definition of the tear trough and the tear trough rating scale. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007;6(4):218-222. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00336.xCited on: Eye Bag Removal Singapore — Non-Surgical Options.
  41. Seo SB, Wan J, Yi K, et al. Energy-Based Device Management of Nodular Reaction Following Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid Injection for Tear Trough Rejuvenation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2025;24(1):e16575. doi:10.1111/jocd.16575Cited on: Sculptra Side Effects: Nodules, Lumps and When to Call, Juvelook Singapore — PDLLA Skin Booster.
  42. Sharad J. Dermal fillers for the treatment of tear trough deformity: a review of anatomy, treatment techniques, and their outcomes. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2012;5(4):229-238. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.104910Cited on: Eye Bag Removal Cost Singapore: Price Factors, Non-Surgical Eye Bag Treatment in Singapore, Tear Trough Filler Healing Time: Day-by-Day Recovery, Tear Trough & Under-Eye Filler Cost Singapore, Under Eye Filler Singapore — Who It Suits.
  43. Sparavigna A, Tenconi B. Efficacy and tolerance of an injectable medical device containing stable hybrid cooperative complexes of high- and low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid: a monocentric 16 weeks open-label evaluation. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016;9:297-305. doi:10.2147/ccid.s114450Cited on: Chanel Injection Singapore: What NCTF 135HA Is and Does, Hydrafacial vs Medical Facial vs Skin Booster, Linerase Explained: vs Skin Boosters, Profhilo Price Singapore: Syringes, Sessions, Juvelook vs Rejuran (and Profhilo) Compared, Skin Booster vs Filler: Which Do You Need?, Skinvive vs Profhilo vs Other Skin Boosters, Korean Glass Skin Treatment Singapore and 3 more pages.
  44. Sundaram H, Cassuto D. Biophysical characteristics of hyaluronic acid soft-tissue fillers and their relevance to aesthetic applications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;132(4 Suppl 2):5S-21S. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31829d1d40Cited on: Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Lip Fillers Singapore — Shape, Safety and Price.
  45. Vleggaar D. Soft-tissue augmentation and the role of poly-L-lactic acid. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118(3 Suppl):46S-54S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000234846.00139.74Cited on: Filler vs Biostimulator vs Skin Booster, Juvelook vs Rejuran (and Profhilo) Compared, Sculptra Price Singapore: Vials and Sessions, Sculptra vs Radiesse vs Ellansé, Ellansé Singapore — PCL Collagen Stimulator, Sculptra Singapore — PLLA Collagen Stimulator.
  46. Wang L, Li T, Chi Y, et al. Ultrasonographic Analysis of Trapezius Muscle for Efficient Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023;47(5):2029-2036. doi:10.1007/s00266-022-03191-0Cited on: Shoulder Slimming Injections Singapore.

46 sources. Back to topics.

References

Facial anatomy, eyes and lifting

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  3. Bhattacharjee K, Misra DK, Deori N. Updates on upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65(7):551-558. doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_540_17Cited on: Hooded Eyes: Causes and Non-Surgical Options.
  4. Biesman BS, Baker SS, Carruthers J, Silva HL, Holloman EL. Monopolar radiofrequency treatment of human eyelids: a prospective, multicenter, efficacy trial. Lasers Surg Med 2006;38(10):890-898. doi:10.1002/lsm.20452Cited on: Hooded Eyes: Causes and Non-Surgical Options, Thermage Eyes Singapore: Hooded Lids, Downtime, vs Ultherapy, Thermage vs HIFU vs Ultherapy: How They Differ, Crow’s Feet Treatment Singapore — Dynamic vs Static, Droopy Eyelids & Hooded Eyes Singapore, Eye Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical.
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  6. Breithaupt AD, Jones DH, Braz A, Narins R, Weinkle S. Anatomical basis for safe and effective volumization of the temple. Dermatol Surg 2015;41 Suppl 1:S278-S283. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000539Cited on: Temple Filler Singapore — Hollow Temples.
  7. Carruthers A, Carruthers J, Hardas B, et al. A validated grading scale for crow's feet. Dermatol Surg 2008;34 Suppl 2:S173-S178. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34367.xCited on: Crow’s Feet Treatment Singapore — Dynamic vs Static.
  8. Cobo R. Use of polydioxanone threads as an alternative in nonsurgical procedures in facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg 2020;36(4):447-452. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714266Cited on: Hiko Nose Lift: Results, Downtime and How Long It Lasts, Thread Lift Complications: What Is Normal and Red Flags, Thread Lift Cost Singapore: Published Prices, 6 Factors.
  9. Deokule S, Child V, Tarin S, Sandramouli S. Diagnostic accuracy of benign eyelid skin lesions in the minor operation theatre. Orbit 2003;22(4):235-238. doi:10.1076/orbi.22.4.235.17248Cited on: Skin Tag on Face, Chin, Neck or Eyelid: Removal by Area.
  10. Finsterer J. Ptosis: causes, presentation, and management. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27(3):193-204. doi:10.1007/s00266-003-0127-5Cited on: Hooded Eyes: Causes and Non-Surgical Options, Droopy Eyelids & Hooded Eyes Singapore, Eye Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical.
  11. Frank K, Kaye KO, Casabona G, et al. Impact of Synchronized Radiofrequency and High-intensity Facial Electrical Stimulation on Facial Muscles and the Superficial Fascial System in the Midface. Aesthet Surg J 2025;45(4):422-428. doi:10.1093/asj/sjae252Cited on: EMFACE Explained: Needle-Free Face Toning.
  12. Gülbitti HA, Colebunders B, Pirayesh A, Bertossi D, van der Lei B. Thread-lift sutures: still in the lift? A systematic review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;141(3):341e-347e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004101Cited on: Hiko Nose Lift: Results, Downtime and How Long It Lasts, Thread Lift Complications: What Is Normal and Red Flags, Thread Lift Cost Singapore: Published Prices, 6 Factors, Thread Lift vs HIFU vs Filler for Sagging, Face Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical, Facelift Singapore (Non-Surgical Options), Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options, Skin Tightening Singapore — HIFU, RF and Threads and 1 more pages.
  13. Haraguchi S, Iguchi Y, Takada K. Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod 2008;78(3):421-426. doi:10.2319/022107-85.1Cited on: Asymmetrical Face: Causes and How to Fix It.
  14. Hoffmann K, Zappia E, Bonan P, et al. Microwave-Energy-Based Device for the Treatment of Cellulite and Localized Adiposity: Recommendations of the "Onda Coolwaves" International Advisory Board. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024;11(12):1249. doi:10.3390/bioengineering11121249Cited on: Body Sculpting Singapore: Non-Surgical Options, Fat Freezing vs Microwave Body Contouring, Love Handles & Flank Fat Treatment Singapore.
  15. Hong HC, Lupin M, O'Shaughnessy KF. Clinical evaluation of a microwave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2012;38(5):728-735. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2012.02375.xCited on: Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options in Singapore.
  16. Karimi K. Technique for nonsurgical lifting procedures using polydioxanone threads. JAMA Facial Plast Surg 2018;20(6):511-512. doi:10.1001/jamafacial.2018.0747Cited on: Thread Lift Complications: What Is Normal and Red Flags, Thread Lift Cost Singapore: Published Prices, 6 Factors.
  17. Matarasso A. Managing the buccal fat pad. Aesthet Surg J 2006;26(3):330-336. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2006.03.009Cited on: Buccal Fat Removal: Non-Surgical Alternatives.
  18. Naik MN, Honavar SG, Das S, Desai S, Dhepe N. Blepharoplasty: an overview. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2009;2(1):6-11. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.53092Cited on: 4D and Scarless Eye Bag Removal Explained.
  19. Okumura et al. Predictors of dissatisfaction after polydioxanone thread lift: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2025. doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000007190Cited on: Thread Lift Complications: What Is Normal and Red Flags, Thread Lift Cost Singapore: Published Prices, 6 Factors.
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References

Skin boosters and regenerative treatments

  1. Amin SP, Phelps RG, Goldberg DJ. Mesotherapy for Facial Skin Rejuvenation: A Clinical, Histologic, and Electron Microscopic Evaluation. Dermatol Surg 2006;32(12):1467-1472. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32353.xCited on: Chanel Injection Singapore: What NCTF 135HA Is and Does.
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  3. Effect of poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) biostimulator on facial rejuvenation markers in late middle-aged Thai women: a quasi-experimental study. J Med Assoc Thai 2025. doi:10.35755/jmedassocthai.2025.6.457-463-02252Cited on: Juvelook Singapore — PDLLA Skin Booster.
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  7. Knauer et al. Clinical evidence and commercial landscape of topical exosomes for skin rejuvenation: a scoping review. Aesthet Surg J 2026. doi:10.1093/asj/sjag141Cited on: Exosomes Skin Booster: Is It HSA-Registered? How It Is Used.
  8. Köseoğlu HG, et al. The role of insulin-like growth factor in acrochordon etiopathology. BMC Dermatology. 2020;20:14. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Skin Tag Removal Singapore — Face, Neck & Eyelids.
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  11. Lim TS, et al. Polynucleotides HPT for Asian skin regeneration and rejuvenation. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  12. Margara A, Haykal D, Musella D, et al. Hyaluronan hybrid cooperative complexes injection as a biostimulation for postobese skin laxity in the arm: a histopathologic study. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 2023;6:ojad110. doi:10.1093/asjof/ojad110Cited on: Profhilo Price Singapore: Syringes, Sessions.
  13. Nava-Castañeda et al. Treatment of periocular skin aging and improvement of skin quality with NCTF 135® HA polyrevitalization injections. J Dermatol Res 2026. doi:10.46889/jdr.2026.7107Cited on: Chanel Injection Singapore: What NCTF 135HA Is and Does.
  14. Niforos F, Ogilvie P, Cavallini M, et al. VYC-12 Injectable Gel Is Safe And Effective For Improvement Of Facial Skin Topography: A Prospective Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019;12:791-798. doi:10.2147/ccid.s216222Cited on: Skinvive vs Profhilo vs Other Skin Boosters.
  15. Oh S, Seo SB, Kim G, et al. Poly-D,L-Lactic Acid Stimulates Angiogenesis and Collagen Synthesis in Aged Animal Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24(9):7986. doi:10.3390/ijms24097986Cited on: Collagen Skin Boosters Singapore: PDLLA, PLLA, ECM, Sculptra vs Juvelook: PLLA vs PDLLA Compared, Singapore Aesthetic Trends 2027: Search Data, Skin Booster Singapore — HA, PN and PDLLA.
  16. Olumesi KR, Goldberg DJ. A review of exosomes and their application in cutaneous medical aesthetics. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023;22(10):2628-2634. doi:10.1111/jocd.15930Cited on: Exosomes Skin Booster: Is It HSA-Registered? How It Is Used.
  17. Park GH, Kwon HH, Seok J, et al. Efficacy of combined treatment with human adipose tissue stem cell-derived exosome-containing solution and microneedling for facial skin aging: A 12-week prospective, randomized, split-face study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023;22(12):3418-3426. doi:10.1111/jocd.15872Cited on: Exosomes Skin Booster: Is It HSA-Registered? How It Is Used.
  18. Rho NK, Kim HS, Kim SY, Lee W. Injectable "Skin Boosters" in Aging Skin Rejuvenation: A Current Overview. Arch Plast Surg 2024;51(6):528-541. doi:10.1055/a-2366-3436Cited on: Polynucleotide Skin Booster: PN vs PDRN, Korean Glass Skin Treatment Singapore, Skin Booster Singapore — HA, PN and PDLLA, 新加坡水光针(Skin Booster):种类与疗程安排.
  19. Seo SB, et al. The effective delivery of poly(D,L-lactic acid) (Juvelook) via needle-free injection (CUREJET) for facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  20. Sparavigna A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Profhilo® Structura intended to restore lateral cheek fat compartment: an observational pilot study. Health Sci Rep. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  21. Sparavigna A, Grimolizzi F, Cigni C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Profhilo Structura intended to restore lateral cheek fat compartment: An observational pilot study. Health Sci Rep 2024;7(1):e1743. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1743Cited on: Profhilo Structura Singapore — Lateral Face.
  22. Squadrito F, Bitto A, Irrera N, et al. Pharmacological activity and clinical use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol 2017;8:224. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00224Cited on: Plinest vs Rejuran: Polynucleotide Boosters, Polynucleotide Skin Booster: PN vs PDRN, Rejuran Healer vs HB vs S vs Eye: Differences and Uses, Rejuran Price Singapore: Published Prices and Cost Factors, Singapore Aesthetic Trends 2027: Search Data, Is Rejuran Worth It? Singapore Guide 2026, Rejuran Singapore — Rejuran Healer, HB, S & Eye, Skin Booster Singapore — HA, PN and PDLLA and 1 more pages.
  23. Squadrito F, et al. Pharmacological activity and clinical use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol. 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  24. Yi KH, et al. Skin boosters: definitions and varied classifications. Skin Res Technol. 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.

24 sources. Back to topics.

References

Lasers, light and energy-based devices

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90 sources. Back to topics.

References

Hair and scalp

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14 sources. Back to topics.

References

Skin growths and lesions

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  48. Youn SH, et al. A Two-week Interval Is Better Than a Three-week Interval for Reducing the Recurrence Rate of Hand-foot Viral Warts after Cryotherapy. Annals of Dermatology. 2011;23(1):53–60. anndermatol.orgCited on: Wart Removal Singapore — Hands, Feet and Face.

48 sources. Back to topics.

References

Body contouring and fat

  1. Duncan D, Dinev I. Noninvasive Induction of Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia: Effects of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Field Evaluated in an In-Vivo Porcine Model: A Pilot Study. Aesthet Surg J 2020;40(5):568-574. doi:10.1093/asj/sjz244Cited on: EMFACE Explained: Needle-Free Face Toning, Emsculpt vs Z Sculpt: Muscle Toning Compared, HIFEM Muscle Toning Devices Explained.
  2. Jalian HR, Avram MM, Garibyan L, Mihm MC, Anderson RR. Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia after cryolipolysis. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150(3):317-319. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.8071Cited on: Body Sculpting Singapore: Non-Surgical Options, Fat Freezing Singapore: Does It Work?, Fat Freezing vs Microwave Body Contouring, CoolSculpting vs Onda Pro vs 4K Body Lift.
  3. Kelly ME, Rodríguez-Feliz J, Torres C, Kelly E. Treatment of paradoxical adipose hyperplasia following cryolipolysis: a single-center experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;142(1):17e-22e. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004523Cited on: CoolSculpting vs Onda Pro vs 4K Body Lift.
  4. Kennedy J, Verne S, Griffith R, Falto-Aizpurua L, Nouri K. Non-invasive subcutaneous fat reduction: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29(9):1679-1688. doi:10.1111/jdv.12994Cited on: Body Contouring Singapore — 4K Body Lift, Body Sculpting Singapore: Non-Surgical Options, Fat Freezing Singapore: Does It Work?, How to Get Rid of a Double Chin, Stubborn Fat Singapore, Love Handles & Flank Fat Treatment Singapore.
  5. Rossi AB, Vergnanini AL. Cellulite: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000;14(4):251-262. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3083.2000.00016.xCited on: Cellulite Treatment Singapore — Not Just Fat, Body Contouring & Body Skin Singapore.
  6. Rzany B, Griffiths T, Walker P, Lippert S, McDiarmid J, Havlickova B. Reduction of unwanted submental fat with ATX-101 (deoxycholic acid), an adipocytolytic injectable treatment: results from a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(2):445-453. doi:10.1111/bjd.12695Cited on: How to Get Rid of a Double Chin.
  7. Stevens WG, Pietrzak LK, Spring MA. Broad overview of a clinical and commercial experience with CoolSculpting. Aesthet Surg J 2013;33(6):835-846. doi:10.1177/1090820x13494757Cited on: CoolSculpting vs Onda Pro vs 4K Body Lift.
  8. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 2004;363(9403):157-163. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15268-3Cited on: Body Contouring Singapore — 4K Body Lift.

8 sources. Back to topics.

References

Skin ageing, barrier and everyday care

  1. Al-Himdani S, Ud-Din S, Gilmore S, Bayat A. Striae distensae: a comprehensive review and evidence-based evaluation of prophylaxis and treatment. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(3):527-547. doi:10.1111/bjd.12681Cited on: Pregnancy Stretch Marks: Prevent and Treat, Stretch Marks Singapore, Stretch Mark Treatment Singapore: Red vs White.
  2. Berardesca E, Farage M, Maibach H. Sensitive skin: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013;35(1):2-8. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00754.xCited on: Facial for Sensitive & Red Skin Singapore.
  3. Bissett DL, et al. Niacinamide: a B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatol Surg. 2005. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govCited on: Needle-Free (Needleless) Skin Booster Singapore.
  4. Chen W, Plewig G. Human demodicosis: revisit and a proposed classification. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(6):1219-1225. doi:10.1111/bjd.12850Cited on: Demodex Mites: Face Mites, Skin and Rosacea.
  5. Farahnik B, Park K, Kroumpouzos G, Murase J. Striae gravidarum: risk factors, prevention, and management. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017;3(2):77-85 (online 2016). doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2016.11.001Cited on: Pregnancy Stretch Marks: Prevent and Treat, Stretch Mark Treatment Singapore: Red vs White.
  6. Fischer TC, Perosino E, Poli F, Viera MS, Dreno B. Chemical peels in aesthetic dermatology: an update 2009. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24(3):281-292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03409.xCited on: Chemical Peel Price Singapore: What Sets the Cost, Chemical Peel Singapore, Closed Comedones Treatment Singapore — Whiteheads, Enlarged Pores Treatment Singapore — By Cause.
  7. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol 2002;138(11):1462-1470. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.11.1462Cited on: Anti-Ageing Facial Singapore: What It Can Do, Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Linerase Explained: vs Skin Boosters, Anti-Ageing Treatment Singapore — By Decade, Crow’s Feet Treatment Singapore — Dynamic vs Static, Neck Lines & Hand Rejuvenation Singapore.
  8. Forton FMN, De Maertelaer V. Two consecutive standardized skin surface biopsies: an improved sampling method to evaluate Demodex density as a diagnostic tool for rosacea and demodicosis. Acta Derm Venereol 2017;97(2):242-248. doi:10.2340/00015555-2528Cited on: Demodex Mites: Face Mites, Skin and Rosacea.
  9. Fytianos G, Rahdar A, Kyzas GZ. Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020;10(5):979. doi:10.3390/nano10050979Cited on: Gold Facial vs Medical Facial: What Gold Does.
  10. Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, et al. Standard classification and pathophysiology of rosacea: the 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018;78(1):148-155. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.08.037Cited on: Demodex Mites: Face Mites, Skin and Rosacea, Facial for Sensitive & Red Skin Singapore, Rosacea vs Acne: How to Tell Them Apart, Rosacea-Prone Skin Singapore, Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  11. Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP. Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2018;179(2):282-289. doi:10.1111/bjd.16481Cited on: Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  12. Hornberger J, Grimes K, Naumann M, et al. Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51(2):274-286. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.029Cited on: Hyperhidrosis Treatment Options in Singapore, Hyperhidrosis Singapore — Underarm Sweating.
  13. Huang Q, Xu LL, Wu T, et al. New Progress in Therapeutic Modalities of Striae Distensae. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022;15:2101-2115. doi:10.2147/ccid.s379904Cited on: FSX Laser Singapore — Flawless Smooth Skin.
  14. Huang YL, Chang SL, Ma L, Lee MC, Hu S. Clinical analysis and classification of dark eye circle. Int J Dermatol 2014;53(2):164-170. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05701.xCited on: Dark Eye Circles: Pigment, Vessels or Hollows?.
  15. Hughes MCB, Williams GM, Baker P, Green AC. Sunscreen and prevention of skin aging: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013;158(11):781-790. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002Cited on: Anti-Ageing Facial Singapore: What It Can Do, Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide, Aesthetic Clinic Singapore for Visitors.
  16. Kafi R, Kwak HSR, Schumacher WE, et al. Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol). Arch Dermatol 2007;143(5):606-612. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.5.606Cited on: Eye Bag Cream vs In-Clinic Treatment, Crow’s Feet Treatment Singapore — Dynamic vs Static.
  17. Krutmann J, Liu W, Li L, Pan X, et al. Pollution and skin: from epidemiological and mechanistic studies to clinical implications. J Dermatol Sci 2014;76(3):163-168. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.08.008Cited on: Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.
  18. Larese Filon F, Crosera M, Adami G, et al. Human skin penetration of gold nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Nanotoxicology 2011;5(4):493-501. doi:10.3109/17435390.2010.551428Cited on: Gold Facial vs Medical Facial: What Gold Does.
  19. Lee BM, Han DG, Choi WS. Rejuvenating effects of facial hydrofilling using Restylane Vital. Arch Plast Surg 2015;42(3):282-287. doi:10.5999/aps.2015.42.3.282Cited on: Korean Glass Skin Treatment Singapore.
  20. Lee SJ, Seok J, Jeong SY, et al. Facial pores: definition, causes, and treatment options. Dermatol Surg 2016;42(3):277-285. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000657Cited on: Blackhead Removal Singapore — Nose and Pores, Clogged Pores: Causes and How to Clear Them, Sebaceous Filaments vs Blackheads: How to Tell, Skin Texture Singapore — Pores, Scars, Blackheads, Enlarged Pores Singapore, Enlarged Pores Treatment Singapore — By Cause.
  21. Leight-Dunn H, Lemly V, Chapas A. Delayed granulomatous reaction after eyebrow microblading. Dermatol Surg 2022;48(1):142-143 (online 2021). doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000003236Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery Singapore — Microblading & Ombre.
  22. Lodén M. Role of topical emollients and moisturizers in the treatment of dry skin barrier disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4(11):771-88. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304110-00005Cited on: Sensitised Skin Singapore.
  23. Lokhande AJ, Mysore V. Striae Distensae Treatment Review and Update. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019;10(4):380-395. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_336_18Cited on: Stretch Marks Singapore, Stretch Mark Treatment Singapore: Red vs White.
  24. Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Skin physiology in men and women: in vivo evaluation of 300 people including TEWL, SC hydration, sebum content and skin surface pH. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013;35(5):477-483. doi:10.1111/ics.12068Cited on: Facial for Men Singapore: What Men’s Skin Needs.
  25. Mahmoud BH, Ruvolo E, Hexsel CL, Liu Y, et al. Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130(8):2092-2097. doi:10.1038/jid.2010.95Cited on: Melasma: Causes, Types and Triggers, Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.
  26. Marwah MK, Kerure AS, Marwah GS. Microblading and the science behind it. Indian Dermatol Online J 2021;12(1):6-11. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_230_20Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery for Men in Singapore: A Guide, Microblading vs Powder Brows vs Ombre Brows.
  27. Mendelson B, Wong CH. Changes in the facial skeleton with aging: implications and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012;36(4):753-760. doi:10.1007/s00266-012-9904-3Cited on: Anti-Ageing Treatments in Singapore: A Guide, Non-Surgical Facelift Singapore — Options Compared, Anti-Ageing Treatment Singapore — By Decade, Smile Lines Treatment Singapore — Laugh Lines, Face Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical, Facelift Singapore (Non-Surgical Options), Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options, Temple Filler Singapore — Hollow Temples and 1 more pages.
  28. Meteorological Service Singapore. Climate of Singapore (read 21 October 2026). weather.gov.sgCited on: Post-Laser Scab Care: 7 Steps and How Long Scabs Last, Pico Laser Downtime: Day-by-Day Healing, Toning to Tattoo, Rejuran Downtime: Bumps, Redness and Day-by-Day Recovery, Hydrafacial Singapore: Steps, Boosters & Timing, Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.
  29. Misery L, Ständer S, Szepietowski JC, Reich A, et al. Definition of sensitive skin: an expert position paper from the Special Interest Group on Sensitive Skin of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Acta Derm Venereol 2017;97(1):4-6. doi:10.2340/00015555-2397Cited on: Facial for Sensitive & Red Skin Singapore, Sensitised Skin Singapore.
  30. National Environment Agency, Singapore. Ultraviolet Index (read 21 October 2026). nea.gov.sgCited on: Pico vs Q-Switched vs Laser Toning: Differences Explained, Pico Laser Singapore — Uses, Downtime & Cost, Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.
  31. Norwood OT. Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence. South Med J 1975;68(11):1359-1365. doi:10.1097/00007611-197511000-00009Cited on: Receding Hairline Treatment Singapore.
  32. Ohta et al. An online survey on coping methods for genitourinary syndrome of menopause, including vulvovaginal atrophy, among Japanese women and their satisfaction levels. BMC Womens Health 2023. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02439-4Cited on: Vaginal Rejuvenation Singapore (MonaLisa Touch).
  33. Phiske MM. An approach to acanthosis nigricans. Indian Dermatol Online J 2014;5(3):239-249. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.137765Cited on: Dark Underarms Singapore, Underarm Whitening Singapore: Dark Underarms.
  34. Portman DJ, Gass MLS. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2014;21(10):1063-1068. doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000329Cited on: Vaginal Rejuvenation Singapore (MonaLisa Touch).
  35. Rahrovan S, Fanian F, Mehryan P, Humbert P, Firooz A. Male versus female skin: What dermatologists and cosmeticians should know. Int J Womens Dermatol 2018;4(3):122-130. doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2018.03.002Cited on: Facial for Men Singapore: What Men’s Skin Needs.
  36. Randhawa M, Wang S, Leyden JJ, et al. Daily Use of a Facial Broad Spectrum Sunscreen Over One-Year Significantly Improves Clinical Evaluation of Photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2016;42(12):1354-1361. doi:10.1097/dss.0000000000000879Cited on: Dull Skin & Uneven Tone Singapore, Freckles (Ephelides): Causes and Signs, Sun Spots and Age Spots: Causes and Signs.
  37. Rather PA, Hassan I. Human Demodex mite: the versatile mite of dermatological importance. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59(1):60-66. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.123498Cited on: Demodex Mites: Face Mites, Skin and Rosacea.
  38. Rawlings AV, Harding CR. Moisturization and skin barrier function. Dermatol Ther 2004;17 Suppl 1:43-48. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1005.xCited on: Medical Facial Cost Singapore: Price Factors, Profhilo Price Singapore: Syringes, Sessions, Dehydrated Skin Singapore.
  39. Rittié L, Fisher GJ. Natural and sun-induced aging of human skin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015;5(1):a015370. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015370Cited on: Fine Lines & Crepe Singapore.
  40. Roh M, Han M, Kim D, Chung K. Sebum output as a factor contributing to the size of facial pores. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(5):890-894. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07465.xCited on: Clogged Pores: Causes and How to Clear Them, Sebaceous Filaments vs Blackheads: How to Tell.
  41. Rohrich RJ, Pessa JE. The subplatysmal supramylohyoid fat. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126(2):589-595. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181de2453Cited on: How to Get Rid of a Double Chin, Double Chin Removal Singapore, V Shape Face Singapore — Jaw, Chin and Neck.
  42. Sedgh J. The aesthetics of the upper face and brow: male and female differences. Facial Plast Surg 2018;34(2):114-118. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1636935Cited on: Eyebrow Embroidery for Men in Singapore: A Guide.
  43. Sonthalia S, Daulatabad D, Sarkar R. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2016;82(3):262-272. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.179088Cited on: Skin Brightening Treatment Singapore.
  44. Suzuki K, Yagami A, Ito A, et al. Positive reactions to gold sodium thiosulfate in patch test panels (TRUE Test) in Japan: A multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis 2019;80(2):114-117. doi:10.1111/cod.13105Cited on: Gold Facial vs Medical Facial: What Gold Does.
  45. Swift A, Liew S, Weinkle S, Garcia JK, Silberberg MB. The facial aging process from the “inside out”. Aesthet Surg J 2021;41(10):1107-1119 (online 2020). doi:10.1093/asj/sjaa339Cited on: Smile Lines Treatment Singapore — Laugh Lines, Dermal Fillers Singapore — Types, Areas, Safety, Face Lifting Treatment Singapore — Non-Surgical, Facelift Singapore (Non-Surgical Options), Forehead Fillers Singapore — Contour and Safety, Is Ultherapy Worth It? Singapore Guide 2026, Nasolabial Folds Treatment Singapore — Options, Temple Filler Singapore — Hollow Temples.
  46. Thiboutot D, Anderson R, Cook-Bolden F, et al. Standard management options for rosacea: the 2019 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;82(6):1501-1510. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.01.077Cited on: Demodex Mites: Face Mites, Skin and Rosacea, Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  47. Two AM, Wu W, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Rosacea: part II. Topical and systemic therapies in the treatment of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;72(5):761-770. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.027Cited on: Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  48. van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Tan J, et al. Interventions for rosacea based on the phenotype approach: an updated systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol 2019;181(1):65-79. doi:10.1111/bjd.17590Cited on: Yellow Laser vs Pico vs Laser Toning, Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  49. van Zuuren EJ. Rosacea. N Engl J Med 2017;377(18):1754-1764. doi:10.1056/nejmcp1506630Cited on: Rosacea vs Acne: How to Tell Them Apart, Persistent Facial Redness Singapore, Rosacea Treatment Singapore — Redness and Triggers.
  50. Vierkötter A, Schikowski T, Ranft U, Sugiri D, et al. Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130(12):2719-2726. doi:10.1038/jid.2010.204Cited on: Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.
  51. Wu WTL. Microbotox of the Lower Face and Neck: Evolution of a Personal Technique and Its Clinical Effects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136(5 Suppl):92S-100S. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001827Cited on: Micro-Dose Anti-Wrinkle Injections Singapore.
  52. Youn SW, Na JI, Choi SY, Huh CH, Park KC. Regional and seasonal variations in facial sebum secretions: a proposal for the definition of combination skin type. Skin Res Technol 2005;11(3):189-195. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00119.xCited on: Skin Care for Singapore Weather: Season-by-Season Guide.

52 sources. Back to topics.

References

Other clinical sources

  1. Charriere G, Bejot M, Schnitzler L, Ville G, Hartmann DJ. Reactions to a bovine collagen implant: clinical and immunologic study in 705 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(6):1203-1208. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70330-3Cited on: Linerase Explained: vs Skin Boosters.
  2. Varani J, Dame MK, Rittie L, et al. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol 2006;168(6):1861-1868. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2006.051302Cited on: Linerase Explained: vs Skin Boosters.

2 sources. Back to topics.

Our standard

How we choose and check references

Clinical pages on this site cite peer-reviewed studies, reviews and consensus papers, and Singapore’s regulators: the Singapore Medical Council, the Health Sciences Authority and the Ministry of Health. A reference is there so that a reader can check what a page says about how a treatment works, its risks or its evidence, and so that a student or writer can go to the original.

Method

How this list was compiled

The list was generated on 21 October 2026 from the reference lists of every page on the site, so it matches what the pages cite. Entries were merged when they share a DOI or, without a DOI, the same source link; where pages word the same reference slightly differently, the most common wording is shown. 1745 citations on 340 pages reduce to 526 distinct sources, 452 of them with a DOI. Pages that now redirect elsewhere are not counted.

Topics are assigned from each reference’s title and the pages that cite it, so a paper on laser treatment of acne scars may sit under acne scars or under lasers. Where a source is cited on more than 8 pages, the first 8 are listed and the rest counted. 3 paper titles that name a prescription-medicine brand are not reproduced here; they remain on the pages that cite them.

For students and writers

Using this list

The list is free to use. If you are writing about aesthetic medicine in Singapore, the regulator sources in the first topic are the place to start; for a specific treatment, go to its topic, open the original paper, and cite the paper rather than this page. To cite the list itself:

Two related resources: the Singapore aesthetics search trends study and the Singapore Aesthetic Price Index.

Questions

Frequently asked questions

Why does an aesthetic clinic publish a references page?

So that what the site says can be checked. Each clinical page cites its sources, and this page gathers them in one place for readers, students and writers, with links to the original papers and to the pages that cite them.

Are the studies about IN Eternity Clinic’s results?

No. They are published studies and regulator documents about how treatments work, their risks and their evidence. They do not describe any individual patient, and they are not a promise of any result.

How often is the list updated?

It is generated from the site’s own pages, so it is refreshed whenever pages are updated. This version was generated on 21 October 2026.

What if a link is broken or a reference looks wrong?

Email hello@ineternityclinic.com with the page and the reference. It will be checked against the original source and corrected.

Can I cite this page?

You can, using the citation above, but for a specific claim it is better to cite the original study, which each entry links to.

Related at IN Eternity: How to check a clinic licence · HSA registration explained · Safety · Treatment glossary · Search trends 2026 · Price index

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